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Copyright © 2007 editura Ştiinţifică F.M.R.-Bucharest, Romania

The copyright of parts from this publication is allowed with the written agreement of the editor.

 

 

Manager Scientific Publishing House F.M.R.:

eng. Florentina Brânduşa Scorţea

 

Assistant-secretary Editura Ştiinţifică F.M.R.

Anca Ion

 Metalurgia

INTERNATIONAL

(magazine set-up in 1995)

 

English version, published by

romanian metallurgical foundation

 

Honorary president of  scientific publishing house f.m.r.

Dr. ec. Lepădatu v. gheorghe

                       

 
                                                        vol. XII

                                                                  (2007)

                                                                  no.9

 

romanian metallurgical foundation

Scientific publishing house

Honourary Staff

(in alphabetical order)

 

bensabra    hakim    (algeria),    BORDEA MARIUS, chabour    salem    (algeria),     gencang    yang    (china), 

  R.  S.     HOUK     (S.U.A.), I. IMRIŠ  (TECHNICAL  UNIVERSITY  OF  KOŠICE,  SLOVAK  REPUBLIC),      puşici miho (Slovenia), roşescu     gheorghe  (grecia),     roxana  ruxandra     (california),   w.m. nicola (tri. state university angola, indiana, s.u.a.), xianqing you (china)

 

 

romanian metallurgical foundation

Scientific publishing house

 

editorial  board :

 

Prof. colan horia Ph. D., member of Romanian Academy of Technical    Sciences

Prof. Coşmeleaţă georgeta Ph. D.

Prof. Elena drăgulănescu Ph. D., Catedra GDGI,  Aerospatial Engineering Faculty, Bucharest Politechnical University, Romania

Prof. Dumitrescu Constantin Ph. D., deputy member of Romanian Academy of Technical Science

Prof. French David Ph. D., CSIRO Energy Technology, Australia

Prof. Găluşcă Dan-Gelu Ph. D.

Prof. Mihaela Grigore Ph. D., University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

Prof. Lawson Cristopher Ph. D., Copenhague Technical Institute, Denmark

Dr. Ec. Lepădatu V.Gheorghe, Demetrius Cantemir Christian

University, Bucharest, Romania

Prof. Nicolae Avram Ph. D.

Prof. Maria Nicolae Ph. D.

Prof. doc. Oprea Florea Ph. D., member of Romanian Academy of Technical Sciences

Prof. Veena Sahajwalla Ph. D., University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

Prof. Sakurovs Richard Ph. D., CSIRO Energy Technology, Australia

Prof. Salvo Luc Ph. D., Grenoble National Politechnical Institute, France

Prof. Saiter Jean-Marc Ph. D., Rouen University, France

Prof. Simiti Ioan Vida Ph. D.

Prof. Sofroni Laurenţie Ph. D., member of Romanian Academy of Technical Sciences

Prof.  Şaban Rami Ph. D., Dean of  Materials Science Faculty, Bucharest Politechnical University

Prof. ŞTEFĂNESCU DORU Ph. D, Ohio State University   Columbus, S.U.A.

Prof.VASIU Teodor Ph. D., Faculty of „Engineering” in Hunedoara, Romania

 

advisory board :

 

Prof.  erika ardelean Ph. D

Prof.  bejan Mircea Ph. D

Prof.  cănănău nicolae  Ph. D

Prof.  hepuţ teodor Ph. D

Prof.  miloşan ioan Ph. D

Prof.  Doina Răducanu Ph. D

Prof.  rusu nicolae  Ph. D

Prof.  samoilă Corneliu  Ph. D

prof. semenescu augustin ph. d

Prof.  SOFONEA GALAgTION Ph. D

Prof.  VARGA BELA Ph. D

 

Managing Director:

Editor-in-chief:

Prof. Scorţea Costin Ph. D.

 

Contents

 

Issn 1582 – 2214

 

*    researches in the

 materials science field .…5 - 32

 

Khaled M. Ibrahim, Mohamed M. Mourad, Mervat M. Ibrahim, Adel A. Nofal: Austempering

 of Thin Wall Ductile Iron Castings ……..….. 5

 

Georgeta Predeanu: Structural properties

 developed on brown coals  by physical

 activation …………………………………..... 16

 

KISS Imre: Laboratory experiments regarding the

 durability in exploitation of the hot rolling

 mill cylinders ……………………………..…. 20

 

X

X              X

Ghionea Florian: General consideration about a

 smoothing process  in urban transport …..... 28

 

*      Financial economic management. accountancy

in metallurgy.......................... 33 - 38

 

Lepădatu V. Gheorghe: The target costing …….. 33

 

 

? FOSECO Turbostop system – reference list… I-II

? Congresses ............…..………………..…...... III-IV

? New books, published by romanian metallurgical

foundation……………….……..…….....…..... V-VI

abstract

metalurgia International 9/2007

 

 

Key words: ADI, thin-wall, austempering treatment, mechanical properties, casting design.

Khaled M. Ibrahim, Mohamed M. Mourad, Mervat M. Ibrahim, Adel A. Nofal: Austempering of Thin Wall Ductile Iron Castings

Metalurgia International (vol. XII), no.9, 2007, p. 5

Production of thin wall austempered ductile iron (TWADI) components can have strength-to-density and elastic-to-density ratios that approach those of cast aluminum, making it theoretically possible to apply ADI in high strength light weight parts. Therefore, development of thin wall ADI technology is essential to permit designers for energy consuming equipment to choose the most appropriate material based on material properties, and not solely on weight or density. In the present work, ductile iron castings with different thicknesses of 2, 4, 6 and 8 mm were cast with an appreciate casting design to assure good mold filling. Short term austempering treatment process was used to obtain thin wall ADI castings. The samples of 2 and 4 mm thickness were austenitized at 900 °C for 30 minutes followed by holding at 350 °C and 400 °C for 10 minutes for each temperature. While, the samples of 6 and 8 mm wall thickness were austenitized at 900 °C for 30 minutes and followed by holding at 350 °C and 400 °C for 30 minutes. The microstructure of TWADI austempered at 350 °C showed finer structure than that austempered at 400 °C. Tensile strength, hardness and wear resistance increased with decreasing casting wall thickness austempered at 350 °C due to the structure refinement effect and decreasing the volume fraction of retained structure in matrix. The minimum wear rate was obtained for 2 mm casting wall thickness austempered at 350 °C. 

 

D.C.: 669.

Georgeta Predeanu: Structural properties developed on brown coals  by physical activation

Metalurgia International (vol. XII), no.9, 2007, p. 16

The experiments have been carried out on two Romanian activated brown coals. The trials proved that the nature of precursor has a strong influence on the structure and properties of the activated carbons (AC). At the same time, the product’s adsorption capacity is determined by the manufacturing conditions, performed in our case on laboratory scale. The experimental conditions used in this work are included, and the comments concerning the influence of different parameters on the AC specific surface area, as: coal rank, grain size, burn-off, carbonization and activation temperature. The AC from the brown coal A posse’s higher volume of pores than in case of brown coal B, with a prevalence of micropores and large BET surface area (320 m2/g).

 

Key words: hot rolling, iron cylinders, durability in exploitation, thermal fatigue

KISS Imre: Laboratory experiments regarding the durability in exploitation of the hot rolling mill cylinders

Metalurgia International (vol. XII), no.9, 2007, p. 20

The    research  on  rolling  mills cylinders   durability  in

exploitation experimentally defines an important chapter from the thermal fatigue of the organs of machines in the movement of rotation, in variable temperature mediums, and the mathematical molding establishes a methodology for the determination of the technological parameters values, for which a mechanical characteristic (the hardness) has the desirable values.

The technological manufacturing process of the rolling mills cylinders, as well as the quality of material used in manufacturing them, can have a different influence   upon   the  quality  and  the  safety  in  the exploitation. Our proposal approaches the issue of quality assurance of the rolling mills cylinders, from the viewpoint of the quality of materials, which feature can cause duration and safety in exploitation.

The experimented durability research, as well as the optimization of the manufacturing technology, allows the conclusion of direct results for the rolls. The beneficiaries of these results are the unit in which the rolls are manufactured, as well as the unit that exploits them. The research on the durability in exploitation of hot rolling mill cylinders represents an important scientific and economical issue. The study represents a detailed approach of the influence of some technological factors on the durability in exploitation of rolling mill iron cylinders and suggests solutions meant to increase the durability of the rolls in exploitation.

 

Key words:  smoothing process  in urban transport

Ghionea Florian: General consideration about a smoothing process  in urban transport

Metalurgia International (vol. XII), no.9, 2007, p. 28

In theory, in passanger urban transport system, the level of the offer must be the same with the level of the demand, and this is a consequence of economical rules. It is available another (extreme) alternative: one can maintain a constant standard of the vehicles park in lines, indifferent of the demand aspect. But, there is a middle way too: sometimes accepting deviations from the preset states, other times forcing the system to put on the ideal itinerary, it can be determined if the goal is to permanently maximize the entire operation utility function. The present paper shows that it is possible to interpretation some of the economical rules in function of type of the objectives (tactical or operational) for a exploitation problem: the “zero paths”. One of the explanations that assimilate the theory of equilibrium between demand and offer to the field work could result from analyzing the referred phenomenon : from static point of view, the equilibrium theory is obviously valid, but from dynamic point of view, operational maintaining of the equilibrium is inadequate.  

 

Key words: target costs, direct costs, indirect costs, price, benefit, cost

Lepădatu V. Gheorghe: The target costing

Metalurgia International (vol. XII), no.9, 2007, p. 33

The method of target costing represents  a strategic managerial approach for products, in which of cost carriers are analysed during the entire life cycle and particularly during the conception stage.

 

Attention !

 

E According to paragraph 2.6 of license agreement between EBSCO Publishing Inc. (U.S.A.) and FUNDAŢIA METALURGIA ROMÂNĂ   (ROMÂNIA) the  journals METALURGIA and METALURGIA INTERNAŢIONAL are  included in EP  Products, starting  from July 1st, 2006.

E These journals are included on EBSCO’s site: www.ebscohost.com , chapter „Computers and Applied Sciences Complete”, pozitions 1026 and  1027.

E Starting from January 1st, 2007  the  journal METALURGIA INTERNATIONAL is also in the SCOPUS database, belonging to ELSEVIER BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASES – Amsterdam (Netherlands).

 

1.      The “METALURGIA INTERNATIONAL” magazine receives manuscripts of papers including basic  scientific research and industrial  research in the following fields: metallurgy, materials science and engineering and different relating processes.

2.      Original papers not previously publishing  in any other journal, or not sent for publishing before, are accepted.

3.      After publication, the copyright is transferred to the publishing house.

4.      Every manuscript will be referred, their reports form the basis of the Editor’s decision.

5.      The manuscripts sent to the Editor  will not returned to the author, even  they are not published.

6.      The manuscripts will be sent to the following address:

METALURGIA INTERNATIONAL

83, Calea Griviţei, sector 1, Postal code 010705, postal office 12

Bucharest, Romania

Tel.:  +(40)-21-310 71 38; +(40)-21-0722 665 071;

 Fax: +(40)-21-310 71 38

E-mail: redactia@metalurgia.ro; See also web: www.metalurgia.ro

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